응답시에, defaultMessage를 한글로 줬는데, 깨지는 경우에는 어떻게 해결할 수 있을까요??? 

안녕하세요 영한님, 프로젝트를 하다가 막히는 부분이 생겨서 해당 부분 복습하다 이 부분에도 궁금한점이 생겨 질문드립니다! 1.  Team team = new Team();team.setName("java");Member member = new Member();member.setUsername("kang");member.setTeam(team);em.persist(team);em.persist(member); 다음과 같은 상황에서는 insert 문이 2번 나갑니다. Team team = new Team();team.setName("java");Member member = new Member();member.setUsername("kang");member.setTeam(team);em.persist(member);em.persist(team); 위의 상황에서는 insert문 2번 후에 update 문이 나갑니다. 이 이유는 member.setTeam(team); 을 했지만 jpa는 엔티티 저장시에 연관된 엔티티들이 모두 영속 상태여야 하니깐(team의 id가 없으니깐?) team_id를 null 로 두어서 em.persist(team) 후에 update 문이 호출된 것으로 보이는데 맞나요 ??  사실 이 질문을 드리는 이유는 제가 현재 진행하고 있는 프로젝트에서 어떻게 처리해야할지 의문이 드는 부분이 생겨서입니다. 2. 티켓판매 어플리케이션이고, Order 테이블이 있고 Ticket 테이블이 있습니다. 일대다 매핑을 해둔 상태입니다. 주문을 받으면 해당 티켓을 주문에 등록하는 느낌입니다.  그래서 Order 를 생성 시에 Ticket을 생성한 후에 Order와 매핑을 해주려고 했습니다. 그런데,  'Many'(Ticket) 쪽을 먼저 save 한 후에(영속성컨텍스트에 올린 후) 'One' (Order)에 집어넣고 order를 save 하면 1번 질문과 같이 update 문이 나갈 것이라는 것을 알게되었습니다. 이 로직은 OrderService -> OrderRepository 에서 일어나는 로직입니다. 설계가 잘못된건가요? Ticket 을 create 하는 부분에서 order를 생성을 먼저하는 것이 맞다고는 생각이 드는데, 실제 주문단계를 생각해보면 order 안에 ticket이 있는 것이라고 생각이 들어서 인지부조화가 오는 기분입니다... 어떻게 해야할까요? +)  생각해보니깐 jpa 활용 1편 주문 관련 부분이랑 굉장히 유사한 것 같은데 해당부분을 다시 복습해보겠습니다...

spring 에 관련한 질문은 아니지만.. 그냥 계속 궁금증이 맴돌아서 여쭤보겠습니다.  무제한 경매를 가정한 상황에서 basePrice 가 maxPrice 보다 크고 maxPrice가 0인 상황이 어떤 상황인가요..? 이벤트를 최초로 등록하는, (이벤트를 경매에 올리는) 상황을 의미하는 건가요??  

안녕하세요 선생님! 강의 정말 잘 듣고 있습니다. 강의 내용, 자료들 정말 좋은거 같아요 :) h2 데이터베이스 설치까지 잘 마치고, 메모리에서 JDBC로 바꾸는 과정에서 코드들 따라서 입력하고 run 하는데 아래같은 에러가 뜨네요.  비슷한 질문이 있었는데.. Cannot load driver class: org.h2.Driver 라는 부분이 있어서.. build.gradle 확인해서  runtimeOnly 'com.h2database:h2' 부분이 추가됐는지 확인했습니다.  ========================================================== Error starting ApplicationContext. To display the conditions report re-run your application with 'debug' enabled. 2020-11-23 22:07:11.756 ERROR 10184 --- [           main] o.s.boot.SpringApplication               : Application run failed org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'springConfig' defined in file [C:\study\hello-spring\out\production\classes\hello\hellospring\SpringConfig.class]: Unsatisfied dependency expressed through constructor parameter 0; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'dataSource' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/jdbc/DataSourceConfiguration$Hikari.class]: Bean instantiation via factory method failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource]: Factory method 'dataSource' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot load driver class: org.h2.Driver  at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.createArgumentArray(ConstructorResolver.java:797) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.autowireConstructor(ConstructorResolver.java:227) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.autowireConstructor(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1356) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBeanInstance(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1203) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:556) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:516) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:324) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:234) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:322) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:202) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:897) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:879) ~[spring-context-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:551) ~[spring-context-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.context.ServletWebServerApplicationContext.refresh(ServletWebServerApplicationContext.java:143) ~[spring-boot-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:758) ~[spring-boot-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:750) ~[spring-boot-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refreshContext(SpringApplication.java:405) ~[spring-boot-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:315) ~[spring-boot-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1237) ~[spring-boot-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1226) ~[spring-boot-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at hello.hellospring.HelloSpringApplication.main(HelloSpringApplication.java:10) ~[classes/:na] Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'dataSource' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/jdbc/DataSourceConfiguration$Hikari.class]: Bean instantiation via factory method failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource]: Factory method 'dataSource' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot load driver class: org.h2.Driver  at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiate(ConstructorResolver.java:655) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(ConstructorResolver.java:635) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1336) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBeanInstance(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1176) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:556) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:516) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:324) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:234) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:322) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:202) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.config.DependencyDescriptor.resolveCandidate(DependencyDescriptor.java:276) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1307) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1227) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.resolveAutowiredArgument(ConstructorResolver.java:884) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.createArgumentArray(ConstructorResolver.java:788) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] ... 20 common frames omitted Caused by: org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource]: Factory method 'dataSource' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot load driver class: org.h2.Driver  at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.SimpleInstantiationStrategy.instantiate(SimpleInstantiationStrategy.java:185) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiate(ConstructorResolver.java:650) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] ... 34 common frames omitted Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot load driver class: org.h2.Driver  at org.springframework.util.Assert.state(Assert.java:97) ~[spring-core-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceProperties.determineDriverClassName(DataSourceProperties.java:223) ~[spring-boot-autoconfigure-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceProperties.initializeDataSourceBuilder(DataSourceProperties.java:175) ~[spring-boot-autoconfigure-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceConfiguration.createDataSource(DataSourceConfiguration.java:43) ~[spring-boot-autoconfigure-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceConfiguration$Hikari.dataSource(DataSourceConfiguration.java:85) ~[spring-boot-autoconfigure-2.3.5.RELEASE.jar:2.3.5.RELEASE] at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) ~[na:na] at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) ~[na:na] at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) ~[na:na] at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) ~[na:na] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.SimpleInstantiationStrategy.instantiate(SimpleInstantiationStrategy.java:154) ~[spring-beans-5.2.10.RELEASE.jar:5.2.10.RELEASE] ... 35 common frames omitted Process finished with exit code 1  

어느 버전부터인지는 모르겠으나  postgres_password가 설정되지 않으면 컨테이너가 띄워지지 않네요.  GenericContainer 에 POSTGRES_PASSWORD 설정을 주거나 POSTGRES_HOST_AUTH_METHOD 에 trust 속성을 주면됩니다! 개발 환경은 윈도우 10에 spring boot 2.4.0, testcontainer 1.15.0 입니다

안녕하세요. 테스트 코드 작성시 아래와 같은 코드 오류가 나서 문의 드립니다. user & password 는 지정한 부분이 없습니다. 확인해할 부분이 있을까요? org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLInvalidAuthorizationSpecException: Wrong user name or password [28000-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:461) ~[h2-1.4.200.jar:1.4.200] at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:611) ~[h2-1.4.200.jar:1.4.200] at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.initTransfer(SessionRemote.java:147) ~[h2-1.4.200.jar:1.4.200] at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.connectServer(SessionRemote.java:435) ~[h2-1.4.200.jar:1.4.200] at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.connectEmbeddedOrServer(SessionRemote.java:321) ~[h2-1.4.200.jar:1.4.200]

강사님 강의 잘 보고 있습니다.  다름아니라, where 다중 파라미터를 사용하면 가독성이 높아지는 건 이해했습니다. 영상 8분경의 메소드     private BooleanExpression allEq(String userNameCond, Integer ageCond) {         return userNameEq(userNameCond).and(ageEq(ageCond));     } 에 대한 질문인데요 문제는 userNameCond가 null일 경우 userNameEq가 null을 반환하기 때문에 BooleanExpression으로 체이닝을 할 수가 없는데 혹시 이럴경우 null 걱정없이 강제로 체이닝 하는 방법은 없을까요? BooleanExpression을 체이닝 하려고 해봤는데 추상클래스라 객체 생성이 안되네요

jpa를 이용해 게시판을 만들고 있는 중 입니다. 저는 repository 계층을 인터페이스에 JpaRepository를 상속해서 사용하고 있는데 수정 작업 시 영속이나 준영속 신경 안 쓰고 무조건 save로 데이터를 처리하는건 좋지않은 방법인가요?

안녕하세요 강사님. 다름아니라 제가 JPA 기초를 듣지않고 바로 실습으로 와서 그런지 몰라도 entityManager의 기능 중 find 는 id 로만 조회가 가능하고 나머지 프로퍼티( 예 : name ) 으로 조회할 때는 쿼리를 날려서 조회해야하는 건가요? 그리고 쿼리로 조회하면 건 수가 1개이더라도 무조건 List로 반환되는 건가요 ??

안녕하세요! 이번에 처음으로 jpa를 사용해서 토이프로젝트를 하고있습니다. 질문에 앞서서 이런 강의 만들어주셔서 너무 감사합니다 한눈에 쏙들어오고 이해가 됩니다 ㅎㅎ 제가 드릴 질문은  json방식이 Array방식일경우 dto에 자동으로 맵핑이 안되더라구요...어떤방식으로 해야자동맵핑이 될지 궁굼합니다.

강사님 안녕하세요! 강의 잘 보고 있습니다. 실무에서 애플리케이션에서 데이터를 DB로 저장할때 애플리케이션을 사용하는 사용자가 정해져 있기 때문에 딱히 락에 대해서 고민해 본적이 없었습니다. 그러다가 강의를 보면서 문득 든 생각이 인기있는 쇼핑몰에서 트래픽이 몰려서 특정 상품 구입에 여러명이 동시에 구매 버튼을 눌렀을 때 재고 수를 맞추기 위해서 왠지 락이 필요할 것 같다는 생각이 문득 들었습니다. 하지만 락을 사용하면 성능 이슈가 발생한다고 하셨는데, 그렇지만 재고를 정확하게 관리하려면 필요할 것 같기도 하다는 생각이 들었지만 제기준에서는 실무에서는 트랜잭션도 READ_COMMIT레벨에서만 사용했기 때문에 감이 잘 오지는 않습니다. 혹시 락이 적용된 사례를 한두가지 알려주실 수 없을까요? 엉뚱한 질문이지만 답변해주시면 감사하겠습니다

안녕하세요~ 관계형 db는 지식이 좀 부족해서 이해가 안가는 부분이 하나 있어요. @ManyToOne@JoinColumn(name = "PARENT_ID")private Category parent;@OneToMany(mappedBy = "parent")private List<Category> child = new ArrayList<>(); 셀프로 매핑한다고 하셨는데 무슨 의미인지 잘 모르겠어요.

인증에서 user 객체가 없으면 null로 반환하면 체크가 될텐데 굳이 익명사용자 인증 처리 필터를 이용해서 익명 사용자와 인증 사용자를 구분하는 이유가 뭔가요? null로 비교 시 위험해서 그런건가요?

안녕하세요. 예제에서는 Category에 JoinTable을 설정하고 Item에는 mapped by를 설정해주셨는데요. 그러니까 Category를 연관관계 주인으로 잡아주셨는데, 이거는 혹시 꼭 Category로 잡은 기준이 있는 걸까요? 

OrderRepository에 직접 접근해서 findAll을 호출해서 DTO 객체를 만드는데요. 이메서드에는 @Transactional이 안붙어있어서 엔티티매니저가 메서드 호출이 완료되더라도 1차캐시가 끝나지않고 유지되는데 문제는  @Transactional를 붙일경우 메서드 호출이 끝나면 엔티티 매니저도 같이 종료시켜버리지만, 이 코드에서는 컨트롤러에서 엔티티 매니저를 close()를 명시적으로 호출하지 않는데 이럴경우 문제 없을까요? 

질문은 아니지만..정말강의쏙쏙입니다 감사합니다

기선님의 jpa 강의를 듣고 jpa 를 활용해보기 위한 연습용 프로젝트를 진행하고 있는 중입니다. DB에 데이터가 들어가 있는 상태에서 스프링 데이터 jpa 의 findById() 메소드를 활용해 select 쿼리를 보내봤습니다. 그런데 이상하게도 값이 받아와지지 않아 두번 연속 요청을 보냈더니 그 다음부터는 값을 받아오는데 이게 가능한 일인지 궁금해서 여쭤봅니다 ..  기본적으로 이런 일은 발생하지 않는게 맞고 어디선가 제가 코드를 잘못 작성해놓은거겠죠..?  orderDetailRepository 에 findById() 를 재정의 하거나 다른 메서드를 구현해놓지도 않은 상태입니다 .

안녕하세요. 강의 너무 잘 듣고 있습니다. 이해가 잘 되도록 설명을 정말 잘해주셔서 재밌게 공부하고 있습니다. 강의를 듣던 중 의문이 생겨 질문드립니다. member의 아이디가 1로 출력됩니다. MySQL을 사용할 때(Oracle로 시퀀스를 만들어도 동일합니다.) persist를 호출하는 시점에서 memebr가 id로 1로 초기화가 되는데 내부적으로 setter를 호출해서 초기화되는 것이라고 생각했었습니다. 근데 setter를 지워도 초기화가 되는 것이 신기합니다. private 제어자로 설정했기 때문에 member.id = 1; 이렇게 할 수 도 없을텐데 어떤 과정으로 초기화가 되는건지 궁금합니다.

영한님 안녕하세요. Spring Data JPA 로 리파지토리를 만들고 테스트하다가 나온 사항에 대해 궁금증이 있어 문의를 드립니다. 질문사항은 다음과 같습니다. ㅇ 목적: 여러 개의 row를 한 번에 insert할 때의 성능을 최적화하려고 함 (여러 개의 row를 넣는 테이블의 pk는 직접 입력을 받아 넣는 id 형식입니다.) ㅇ 구현 의도: multi-value insert (insert into table values(...), (...), ... , (...) ) ㅇ 시도 -  JpaRepository의 saveAll() 메서드를 사용 (MySQL의 경우 multi-value insert 시 jdbc 옵션으로 rewriteBatchedStatements=true를, PostgreSQL의 경우 reWriteBatchedInserts=true를 주면 되는 것으로 알고 있습니다. h2 DB는 그런 것이 있는지 모르겠네요. 일단 format_sql=true로 했을 때 남겨진 로그로는 해당 내역을 확인하기 힘들었습니다.)  - saveAll() 시 isNew 필드를 통해 persist, merge 분기를 타기 때문에 성능에 이슈가 있을 것으로 보고, 부가적인 select문 실행을 막기 위해 isNew 필드값을 아래와 같이 true로 만들었습니다. @Transientprivate boolean isNew = true;@Overridepublic ClassId getId() { return ClassId.builder() .pk1(pk1) .pk2(pk2) .pk3(pk3) .pk4(pk4) .pk5(pk5) .build();}@Overridepublic boolean isNew() { return true;}@PrePersist@PostLoadpublic void markNotNew(){ isNew = false;} - bulk insert를 위한 batch_size 등의 옵션 추가 (추가한 옵션은 spring.jpa.properties 하위입니다.) jdbc: batch_size: 1000 batch_versioned_data: trueorder_inserts: trueorder_updates: true ㅇ 의문점 1. 일단, 찍히는 sql이 insert into table values(...), (...), ... , (...)  과 같이 찍히지 않습니다. 과연 bulk로 모아서 실행이 되는 것인지가 궁금합니다. 물론 batch_size가 0일때보다 200일 때의 성능 개선이 있긴 한데 약간 미미하다는 생각이 들어서요... 2. em.persist를 n 번 수행한 뒤 flush한 결과보다 성능이 못한데, 이것이 무엇 때문에 나오는 결과인지 궁금합니다. (SimpleJpaRepository.class를 보니 saveAll 함수 내부 로직에서 save를 n 번 호출하고 save 함수 내에서 isNew를 체크하는데 여기서 오는 차이인지..) 3. 원래 100000 정도의 데이터를 insert 할 시에 이 정도의 성능이 나오는 것인지 궁금합니다. (테스트 결과는 아래에 있습니다.) 4. batch_size마다 saveAll()를 해 주고 리스트를 초기화 시켜주는 것이 성능상으로 의미가 있을 지 궁금합니다. (아래 성능 테스트에서는 리스트에 꽉 채운 뒤에 마지막에 saveAll을 호출했었습니다. 궁금하여 batch_size마다 saveAll을 호출하고 리스트를 초기화 시켰보았지만 시간 차이가 거의 나지 않았습니다. 제가 테스트를 잘못한 것인지...)참고 링크: https://persistencelayer.wixsite.com/springboot-hibernate/post/the-best-way-to-batch-inserts-via-saveall-iterable-s-entities 성능 테스트 data size = 100000 1. batch_size = 0 em.persist 사용: 6807 ms JpaRepository.saveAll() 사용: 7861 ms 2. batch_size = 200 em.persist 사용: 5547 ms JpaRepository.saveAll() 사용: 7187 ms 3. batch_size = 500 em.persist 사용: 5452 ms JpaRepository.saveAll() 사용: 6489 ms 4. batch_size = 1000 em.persist 사용: 5684 ms (배치 사이즈가 증가했음에도 더 오래 걸림) JpaRepository.saveAll() 사용: 6360 ms 5. batch_size = 5000 em.persist 사용: 5815 ms (배치 사이즈가 증가했음에도 더 오래 걸림) JpaRepository.saveAll() 사용: 6659 ms (배치 사이즈가 증가했음에도 더 오래 걸림) 보통 영한님은 여러 row를 한 번에 insert하려고 할 때 어떻게 구현을 하시는지 궁금합니다. 답변 부탁드리겠습니다. 긴 내용 읽어주셔서 감사합니다 :)

문제를 찾아보다가 https://www.inflearn.com/questions/17219 문의 글을 봤습니다. 현재 영한님 예시 코드와 똑같이 pom.xml에서 hibernate는 5.3.10.Final, h2database는 1.4.199버젼을 사용하고 있습니다. hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto의 value = "create" 상태인데, 테이블들이 제약조건이 꼬여서 그런지 삭제가 되질 않습니다ㅠ (ex1-hello-jpa 프로젝트와 jpashop 프로젝트 모두 그렇습니다) 예시 코드를 메일로 송부드릴테니 한번 봐주시면 감사드리겠습니다ㅠㅠ 아래는 에러 포함 출력 결과입니다. "C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\bin\java.exe" "-javaagent:C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2020.2.1\lib\idea_rt.jar=61721:C:\Program Files\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2020.2.1\bin" -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -classpath "C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\charsets.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\deploy.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\javaws.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\jce.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\jfr.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\jsse.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\plugin.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\resources.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_271\jre\lib\rt.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\Documents\Coding\spring-boot_jpa_inflearn\jpashop_jpa\target\classes;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\org\hibernate\hibernate-entitymanager\5.3.10.Final\hibernate-entitymanager-5.3.10.Final.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\org\jboss\logging\jboss-logging\3.3.2.Final\jboss-logging-3.3.2.Final.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\org\hibernate\hibernate-core\5.3.10.Final\hibernate-core-5.3.10.Final.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\org\javassist\javassist\3.23.2-GA\javassist-3.23.2-GA.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\antlr\antlr\2.7.7\antlr-2.7.7.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\org\jboss\jandex\2.0.5.Final\jandex-2.0.5.Final.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\com\fasterxml\classmate\1.3.4\classmate-1.3.4.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\javax\activation\javax.activation-api\1.2.0\javax.activation-api-1.2.0.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\org\dom4j\dom4j\2.1.1\dom4j-2.1.1.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\org\hibernate\common\hibernate-commons-annotations\5.0.4.Final\hibernate-commons-annotations-5.0.4.Final.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\javax\persistence\javax.persistence-api\2.2\javax.persistence-api-2.2.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\net\bytebuddy\byte-buddy\1.9.5\byte-buddy-1.9.5.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\org\jboss\spec\javax\transaction\jboss-transaction-api_1.2_spec\1.1.1.Final\jboss-transaction-api_1.2_spec-1.1.1.Final.jar;C:\Users\Taeho Kim\.m2\repository\com\h2database\h2\1.4.199\h2-1.4.199.jar" jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain 11월 12, 2020 5:16:18 오후 org.hibernate.jpa.internal.util.LogHelper logPersistenceUnitInformation INFO: HHH000204: Processing PersistenceUnitInfo [ name: hello ...] 11월 12, 2020 5:16:18 오후 org.hibernate.Version logVersion INFO: HHH000412: Hibernate Core {5.3.10.Final} 11월 12, 2020 5:16:18 오후 org.hibernate.cfg.Environment <clinit> INFO: HHH000206: hibernate.properties not found 11월 12, 2020 5:16:18 오후 org.hibernate.annotations.common.reflection.java.JavaReflectionManager <clinit> INFO: HCANN000001: Hibernate Commons Annotations {5.0.4.Final} 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl configure WARN: HHH10001002: Using Hibernate built-in connection pool (not for production use!) 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl buildCreator INFO: HHH10001005: using driver [org.h2.Driver] at URL [jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/~/test] 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl buildCreator INFO: HHH10001001: Connection properties: {user=sa} 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl buildCreator INFO: HHH10001003: Autocommit mode: false 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl$PooledConnections <init> INFO: HHH000115: Hibernate connection pool size: 20 (min=1) 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect <init> INFO: HHH000400: Using dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialect Hibernate: drop table Category if exists Hibernate: drop table CATEGORY_ITEM if exists Hibernate: drop table Delivery if exists Hibernate: drop table Item if exists Hibernate: drop table Member if exists Hibernate: drop table OrderItem if exists Hibernate: drop table ORDERS if exists Hibernate: drop sequence if exists hibernate_sequence 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.resource.transaction.backend.jdbc.internal.DdlTransactionIsolatorNonJtaImpl getIsolatedConnection INFO: HHH10001501: Connection obtained from JdbcConnectionAccess [org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.env.internal.JdbcEnvironmentInitiator$ConnectionProviderJdbcConnectionAccess@7daa61f3] for (non-JTA) DDL execution was not in auto-commit mode; the Connection 'local transaction' will be committed and the Connection will be set into auto-commit mode. 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.ExceptionHandlerLoggedImpl handleException WARN: GenerationTarget encountered exception accepting command : Error executing DDL " drop table Category if exists" via JDBC Statement org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.CommandAcceptanceException: Error executing DDL " drop table Category if exists" via JDBC Statement at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:67) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.applySqlString(SchemaDropperImpl.java:375) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.applySqlStrings(SchemaDropperImpl.java:359) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.dropFromMetadata(SchemaDropperImpl.java:241) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.performDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:154) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.doDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:126) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.doDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:112) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.performDatabaseAction(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:144) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.process(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:72) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.<init>(SessionFactoryImpl.java:310) at org.hibernate.boot.internal.SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.build(SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.java:467) at org.hibernate.jpa.boot.internal.EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.build(EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.java:939) at org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistenceProvider.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:79) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:54) at jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain.main(JpaMain.java:15) Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Cannot drop "CATEGORY" because "FKJIP0OR3VEMIXCCL6VX0KLUJ03" depends on it; SQL statement: drop table Category if exists [90107-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:576) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:429) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:205) at org.h2.command.ddl.DropTable.prepareDrop(DropTable.java:98) at org.h2.command.ddl.DropTable.update(DropTable.java:124) at org.h2.command.CommandContainer.update(CommandContainer.java:198) at org.h2.command.Command.executeUpdate(Command.java:251) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.process(TcpServerThread.java:406) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.run(TcpServerThread.java:183) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:573) at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:607) at org.h2.command.CommandRemote.executeUpdate(CommandRemote.java:237) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.executeInternal(JdbcStatement.java:233) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.execute(JdbcStatement.java:205) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:54) ... 15 more 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.ExceptionHandlerLoggedImpl handleException WARN: GenerationTarget encountered exception accepting command : Error executing DDL " drop table Delivery if exists" via JDBC Statement org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.CommandAcceptanceException: Error executing DDL " drop table Delivery if exists" via JDBC Statement at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:67) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.applySqlString(SchemaDropperImpl.java:375) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.applySqlStrings(SchemaDropperImpl.java:359) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.dropFromMetadata(SchemaDropperImpl.java:241) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.performDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:154) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.doDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:126) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.doDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:112) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.performDatabaseAction(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:144) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.process(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:72) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.<init>(SessionFactoryImpl.java:310) at org.hibernate.boot.internal.SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.build(SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.java:467) at org.hibernate.jpa.boot.internal.EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.build(EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.java:939) at org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistenceProvider.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:79) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:54) at jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain.main(JpaMain.java:15) Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Cannot drop "DELIVERY" because "FKDBS21F1YI0COXY9Y0KXW4G9JF" depends on it; SQL statement: drop table Delivery if exists [90107-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:576) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:429) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:205) at org.h2.command.ddl.DropTable.prepareDrop(DropTable.java:98) at org.h2.command.ddl.DropTable.update(DropTable.java:124) at org.h2.command.CommandContainer.update(CommandContainer.java:198) at org.h2.command.Command.executeUpdate(Command.java:251) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.process(TcpServerThread.java:406) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.run(TcpServerThread.java:183) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:573) at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:607) at org.h2.command.CommandRemote.executeUpdate(CommandRemote.java:237) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.executeInternal(JdbcStatement.java:233) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.execute(JdbcStatement.java:205) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:54) ... 15 more 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.ExceptionHandlerLoggedImpl handleException WARN: GenerationTarget encountered exception accepting command : Error executing DDL " drop table Item if exists" via JDBC Statement org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.CommandAcceptanceException: Error executing DDL " drop table Item if exists" via JDBC Statement at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:67) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.applySqlString(SchemaDropperImpl.java:375) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.applySqlStrings(SchemaDropperImpl.java:359) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.dropFromMetadata(SchemaDropperImpl.java:241) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.performDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:154) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.doDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:126) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.doDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:112) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.performDatabaseAction(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:144) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.process(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:72) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.<init>(SessionFactoryImpl.java:310) at org.hibernate.boot.internal.SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.build(SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.java:467) at org.hibernate.jpa.boot.internal.EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.build(EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.java:939) at org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistenceProvider.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:79) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:54) at jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain.main(JpaMain.java:15) Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Cannot drop "ITEM" because "FKABGE9EQALSPCEJIJ53RAT7PJH" depends on it; SQL statement: drop table Item if exists [90107-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:576) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:429) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:205) at org.h2.command.ddl.DropTable.prepareDrop(DropTable.java:98) at org.h2.command.ddl.DropTable.update(DropTable.java:124) at org.h2.command.CommandContainer.update(CommandContainer.java:198) at org.h2.command.Command.executeUpdate(Command.java:251) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.process(TcpServerThread.java:406) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.run(TcpServerThread.java:183) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:573) at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:607) at org.h2.command.CommandRemote.executeUpdate(CommandRemote.java:237) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.executeInternal(JdbcStatement.java:233) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.execute(JdbcStatement.java:205) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:54) ... 15 more 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.ExceptionHandlerLoggedImpl handleException WARN: GenerationTarget encountered exception accepting command : Error executing DDL " drop table Member if exists" via JDBC Statement org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.CommandAcceptanceException: Error executing DDL " drop table Member if exists" via JDBC Statement at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:67) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.applySqlString(SchemaDropperImpl.java:375) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.applySqlStrings(SchemaDropperImpl.java:359) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.dropFromMetadata(SchemaDropperImpl.java:241) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.performDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:154) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.doDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:126) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaDropperImpl.doDrop(SchemaDropperImpl.java:112) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.performDatabaseAction(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:144) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.process(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:72) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.<init>(SessionFactoryImpl.java:310) at org.hibernate.boot.internal.SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.build(SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.java:467) at org.hibernate.jpa.boot.internal.EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.build(EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.java:939) at org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistenceProvider.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:79) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:54) at jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain.main(JpaMain.java:15) Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Cannot drop "MEMBER" because "FKH0DB7KQR88ED8HQTCQW3JKCIA" depends on it; SQL statement: drop table Member if exists [90107-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:576) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:429) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:205) at org.h2.command.ddl.DropTable.prepareDrop(DropTable.java:98) at org.h2.command.ddl.DropTable.update(DropTable.java:124) at org.h2.command.CommandContainer.update(CommandContainer.java:198) at org.h2.command.Command.executeUpdate(Command.java:251) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.process(TcpServerThread.java:406) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.run(TcpServerThread.java:183) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:573) at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:607) at org.h2.command.CommandRemote.executeUpdate(CommandRemote.java:237) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.executeInternal(JdbcStatement.java:233) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.execute(JdbcStatement.java:205) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:54) ... 15 more 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.resource.transaction.backend.jdbc.internal.DdlTransactionIsolatorNonJtaImpl getIsolatedConnection INFO: HHH10001501: Connection obtained from JdbcConnectionAccess [org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.env.internal.JdbcEnvironmentInitiator$ConnectionProviderJdbcConnectionAccess@1ad926d3] for (non-JTA) DDL execution was not in auto-commit mode; the Connection 'local transaction' will be committed and the Connection will be set into auto-commit mode. 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.ExceptionHandlerLoggedImpl handleException WARN: GenerationTarget encountered exception accepting command : Error executing DDL " create table Category ( CATEGORY_ID bigint not null, name varchar(255), PARENT_ID bigint, primary key (CATEGORY_ID) )" via JDBC Statement org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.CommandAcceptanceException: Error executing DDL " create table Category ( CATEGORY_ID bigint not null, name varchar(255), PARENT_ID bigint, primary key (CATEGORY_ID) )" via JDBC Statement at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:67) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlString(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:440) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlStrings(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:424) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.createFromMetadata(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:315) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.performCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:166) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:135) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:121) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.performDatabaseAction(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:155) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.process(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:72) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.<init>(SessionFactoryImpl.java:310) at org.hibernate.boot.internal.SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.build(SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.java:467) at org.hibernate.jpa.boot.internal.EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.build(EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.java:939) at org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistenceProvider.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:79) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:54) at jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain.main(JpaMain.java:15) Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Table "CATEGORY" already exists; SQL statement: create table Category ( CATEGORY_ID bigint not null, name varchar(255), PARENT_ID bigint, primary key (CATEGORY_ID) ) [42101-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:453) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:429) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:205) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:181) at org.h2.command.ddl.CreateTable.update(CreateTable.java:89) at org.h2.command.CommandContainer.update(CommandContainer.java:198) at org.h2.command.Command.executeUpdate(Command.java:251) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.process(TcpServerThread.java:406) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.run(TcpServerThread.java:183) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:451) at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:607) at org.h2.command.CommandRemote.executeUpdate(CommandRemote.java:237) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.executeInternal(JdbcStatement.java:233) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.execute(JdbcStatement.java:205) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:54) ... 15 more 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.ExceptionHandlerLoggedImpl handleException WARN: GenerationTarget encountered exception accepting command : Error executing DDL " create table Delivery ( DELIVERY_ID bigint not null, city varchar(255), status integer, street varchar(255), zipcode varchar(255), primary key (DELIVERY_ID) )" via JDBC Statement org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.CommandAcceptanceException: Error executing DDL " create table Delivery ( DELIVERY_ID bigint not null, city varchar(255), status integer, street varchar(255), zipcode varchar(255), primary key (DELIVERY_ID) )" via JDBC Statement at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:67) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlString(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:440) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlStrings(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:424) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.createFromMetadata(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:315) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.performCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:166) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:135) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:121) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.performDatabaseAction(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:155) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.process(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:72) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.<init>(SessionFactoryImpl.java:310) at org.hibernate.boot.internal.SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.build(SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.java:467) at org.hibernate.jpa.boot.internal.EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.build(EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.java:939) at org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistenceProvider.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:79) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:54) at jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain.main(JpaMain.java:15) Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Table "DELIVERY" already exists; SQL statement: create table Delivery ( DELIVERY_ID bigint not null, city varchar(255), status integer, street varchar(255), zipcode varchar(255), primary key (DELIVERY_ID) ) [42101-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:453) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:429) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:205) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:181) at org.h2.command.ddl.CreateTable.update(CreateTable.java:89) at org.h2.command.CommandContainer.update(CommandContainer.java:198) at org.h2.command.Command.executeUpdate(Command.java:251) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.process(TcpServerThread.java:406) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.run(TcpServerThread.java:183) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:451) at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:607) at org.h2.command.CommandRemote.executeUpdate(CommandRemote.java:237) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.executeInternal(JdbcStatement.java:233) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.execute(JdbcStatement.java:205) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:54) ... 15 more 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.ExceptionHandlerLoggedImpl handleException WARN: GenerationTarget encountered exception accepting command : Error executing DDL " create table Item ( DTYPE varchar(31) not null, ITEM_ID bigint not null, name varchar(255), price integer not null, stockQuantity integer not null, actor varchar(255), director varchar(255), author varchar(255), isbn varchar(255), artist varchar(255), etc varchar(255), primary key (ITEM_ID) )" via JDBC Statement org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.CommandAcceptanceException: Error executing DDL " create table Item ( DTYPE varchar(31) not null, ITEM_ID bigint not null, name varchar(255), price integer not null, stockQuantity integer not null, actor varchar(255), director varchar(255), author varchar(255), isbn varchar(255), artist varchar(255), etc varchar(255), primary key (ITEM_ID) )" via JDBC Statement at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:67) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlString(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:440) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlStrings(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:424) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.createFromMetadata(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:315) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.performCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:166) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:135) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:121) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.performDatabaseAction(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:155) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.process(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:72) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.<init>(SessionFactoryImpl.java:310) at org.hibernate.boot.internal.SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.build(SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.java:467) at org.hibernate.jpa.boot.internal.EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.build(EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.java:939) at org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistenceProvider.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:79) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:54) at jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain.main(JpaMain.java:15) Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Table "ITEM" already exists; SQL statement: create table Item ( DTYPE varchar(31) not null, ITEM_ID bigint not null, name varchar(255), price integer not null, stockQuantity integer not null, actor varchar(255), director varchar(255), author varchar(255), isbn varchar(255), artist varchar(255), etc varchar(255), primary key (ITEM_ID) ) [42101-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:453) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:429) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:205) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:181) at org.h2.command.ddl.CreateTable.update(CreateTable.java:89) at org.h2.command.CommandContainer.update(CommandContainer.java:198) at org.h2.command.Command.executeUpdate(Command.java:251) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.process(TcpServerThread.java:406) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.run(TcpServerThread.java:183) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:451) at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:607) at org.h2.command.CommandRemote.executeUpdate(CommandRemote.java:237) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.executeInternal(JdbcStatement.java:233) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.execute(JdbcStatement.java:205) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:54) ... 15 more Hibernate: create sequence hibernate_sequence start with 1 increment by 1 Hibernate: create table Category ( CATEGORY_ID bigint not null, name varchar(255), PARENT_ID bigint, primary key (CATEGORY_ID) ) Hibernate: create table CATEGORY_ITEM ( CATEGORY_ID bigint not null, ITEM_ID bigint not null ) Hibernate: create table Delivery ( DELIVERY_ID bigint not null, city varchar(255), status integer, street varchar(255), zipcode varchar(255), primary key (DELIVERY_ID) ) Hibernate: create table Item ( DTYPE varchar(31) not null, ITEM_ID bigint not null, name varchar(255), price integer not null, stockQuantity integer not null, actor varchar(255), director varchar(255), author varchar(255), isbn varchar(255), artist varchar(255), etc varchar(255), primary key (ITEM_ID) ) Hibernate: create table Member ( MEMBER_ID bigint not null, city varchar(255), name varchar(255), street varchar(255), zipcode varchar(255), primary key (MEMBER_ID) ) Hibernate: create table OrderItem ( ORDER_ITEM_ID bigint not null, OrderPrice integer not null, count integer not null, ITEM_ID bigint, ORDER_ID bigint, primary key (ORDER_ITEM_ID) ) Hibernate: create table ORDERS ( ORDER_ID bigint not null, orderDate timestamp, status varchar(255), DELIVERY_ID bigint, MEMBER_ID bigint, primary key (ORDER_ID) ) Hibernate: alter table Category add constraint FK8tepc1qkmluodspg6tnliwhit foreign key (PARENT_ID) references Category Hibernate: alter table CATEGORY_ITEM add constraint FKf1uerpnmn49vl1spbbplgxaun foreign key (ITEM_ID) references Item Hibernate: alter table CATEGORY_ITEM add constraint FKjip0or3vemixccl6vx0kluj03 foreign key (CATEGORY_ID) references Category Hibernate: alter table OrderItem add constraint FKabge9eqalspcejij53rat7pjh foreign key (ITEM_ID) references Item Hibernate: alter table OrderItem add constraint FKk7lmf97wukpquk6d8blxy5neq foreign key (ORDER_ID) references ORDERS Hibernate: alter table ORDERS add constraint FKdbs21f1yi0coxy9y0kxw4g9jf foreign key (DELIVERY_ID) references Delivery Hibernate: alter table ORDERS add constraint FKh0db7kqr88ed8hqtcqw3jkcia foreign key (MEMBER_ID) references Member 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.ExceptionHandlerLoggedImpl handleException WARN: GenerationTarget encountered exception accepting command : Error executing DDL " create table Member ( MEMBER_ID bigint not null, city varchar(255), name varchar(255), street varchar(255), zipcode varchar(255), primary key (MEMBER_ID) )" via JDBC Statement org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.CommandAcceptanceException: Error executing DDL " create table Member ( MEMBER_ID bigint not null, city varchar(255), name varchar(255), street varchar(255), zipcode varchar(255), primary key (MEMBER_ID) )" via JDBC Statement at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:67) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlString(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:440) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlStrings(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:424) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.createFromMetadata(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:315) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.performCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:166) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:135) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:121) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.performDatabaseAction(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:155) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.process(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:72) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.<init>(SessionFactoryImpl.java:310) at org.hibernate.boot.internal.SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.build(SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.java:467) at org.hibernate.jpa.boot.internal.EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.build(EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.java:939) at org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistenceProvider.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:79) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:54) at jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain.main(JpaMain.java:15) Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Table "MEMBER" already exists; SQL statement: create table Member ( MEMBER_ID bigint not null, city varchar(255), name varchar(255), street varchar(255), zipcode varchar(255), primary key (MEMBER_ID) ) [42101-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:453) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:429) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:205) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:181) at org.h2.command.ddl.CreateTable.update(CreateTable.java:89) at org.h2.command.CommandContainer.update(CommandContainer.java:198) at org.h2.command.Command.executeUpdate(Command.java:251) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.process(TcpServerThread.java:406) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.run(TcpServerThread.java:183) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:451) at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:607) at org.h2.command.CommandRemote.executeUpdate(CommandRemote.java:237) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.executeInternal(JdbcStatement.java:233) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.execute(JdbcStatement.java:205) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:54) ... 15 more 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.ExceptionHandlerLoggedImpl handleException WARN: GenerationTarget encountered exception accepting command : Error executing DDL " alter table Category add constraint FK8tepc1qkmluodspg6tnliwhit foreign key (PARENT_ID) references Category" via JDBC Statement org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.CommandAcceptanceException: Error executing DDL " alter table Category add constraint FK8tepc1qkmluodspg6tnliwhit foreign key (PARENT_ID) references Category" via JDBC Statement at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:67) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlString(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:440) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.applySqlStrings(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:424) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.createFromMetadata(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:375) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.performCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:166) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:135) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl.doCreation(SchemaCreatorImpl.java:121) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.performDatabaseAction(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:155) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.process(SchemaManagementToolCoordinator.java:72) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.<init>(SessionFactoryImpl.java:310) at org.hibernate.boot.internal.SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.build(SessionFactoryBuilderImpl.java:467) at org.hibernate.jpa.boot.internal.EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.build(EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl.java:939) at org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistenceProvider.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:79) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Persistence.java:54) at jpabook.jpashop.JpaMain.main(JpaMain.java:15) Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLSyntaxErrorException: Constraint "FK8TEPC1QKMLUODSPG6TNLIWHIT" already exists; SQL statement: alter table Category add constraint FK8tepc1qkmluodspg6tnliwhit foreign key (PARENT_ID) references Category [90045-200] at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:576) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:429) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:205) at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:181) at org.h2.command.ddl.AlterTableAddConstraint.tryUpdate(AlterTableAddConstraint.java:114) at org.h2.command.ddl.AlterTableAddConstraint.update(AlterTableAddConstraint.java:78) at org.h2.command.CommandContainer.update(CommandContainer.java:198) at org.h2.command.Command.executeUpdate(Command.java:251) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.process(TcpServerThread.java:406) at org.h2.server.TcpServerThread.run(TcpServerThread.java:183) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:573) at org.h2.engine.SessionRemote.done(SessionRemote.java:607) at org.h2.command.CommandRemote.executeUpdate(CommandRemote.java:237) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.executeInternal(JdbcStatement.java:233) at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcStatement.execute(JdbcStatement.java:205) at org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.GenerationTargetToDatabase.accept(GenerationTargetToDatabase.java:54) ... 15 more 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.SchemaCreatorImpl applyImportSources INFO: HHH000476: Executing import script 'org.hibernate.tool.schema.internal.exec.ScriptSourceInputNonExistentImpl@5b56b654' Hibernate: call next value for hibernate_sequence Hibernate: /* insert jpabook.jpashop.domain.Book */ insert into Item (name, price, stockQuantity, author, isbn, DTYPE, ITEM_ID) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 'Book', ?) 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.spi.SqlExceptionHelper logExceptions WARN: SQL Error: 23505, SQLState: 23505 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.spi.SqlExceptionHelper logExceptions ERROR: Unique index or primary key violation: "PRIMARY KEY ON PUBLIC.ITEM(ITEM_ID) ['Book', 1, 'JPA', 0, 0, NULL, NULL, STRINGDECODE('\uae40\uc601\ud55c'), NULL, NULL, NULL]"; SQL statement: /* insert jpabook.jpashop.domain.Book */ insert into Item (name, price, stockQuantity, author, isbn, DTYPE, ITEM_ID) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 'Book', ?) [23505-199] 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.internal.ExceptionMapperStandardImpl mapManagedFlushFailure ERROR: HHH000346: Error during managed flush [org.hibernate.exception.ConstraintViolationException: could not execute statement] 11월 12, 2020 5:16:19 오후 org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl stop INFO: HHH10001008: Cleaning up connection pool [jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/~/test] Process finished with exit code 0