I learned a lot about optimization while using JPA! I feel like I got a lot out of learning about receiving directly with entities, converting to DTOs, optimizing DTOs with fetch joins, one-to-many and many-to-one relationships, and paging limitations! Since I'm not working in the field yet, I think I'll need to listen to the lecture once more to fully understand and use it, but it was really helpful! See you again in the query dsl and spring data jpa lectures!